Improved iron use efficiency in tomato using organically coated iron oxide nanoparticles as efficient bioavailable Fe sources

Abstract Background Iron [Fe] deficiency is one of the nutritional issues plants, especially in calcareous soils which iron-fertilizers are used to solve this obstacle. Due pivotal role iron, introduction efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategies necessary prevent its plants. The nanoparticle-based formulations may provide efficient bioavailability, subsequently, reduce amount required dosage nutrients for extended periods, decrease environmental risks. Results In study, effects different iron nanoparticles (NPs) including Fe 3 O 4 (Fe ), citric acid coated @CA), humic @HA), EDTA @EDTA) were investigated as sources on vegetative growth physiological parameters tomato a model plant soil system. experimental results showed that organically NPs significantly increased shoot enhanced growth. highest lowest was observed @HA control treatments, respectively. addition, using NPs, yield. Conclusions This study promising supplementation. particular, acid-coated @HA) determined be most promising, due more benefits yield compared NPs. Therefore, nanofertilizer can introduced an inexpensive, effective, bioavailable, biocompatible option address soil. Graphical